INAIL’s Right of Recourse and Vicarious Liability: The Court of Cassation’s Stance on Limitation Periods
The Court of Cassation, by Order No. 12485 of 8 May 2024, has clarified the limitation periods for the Right of Recourse exercised by INAIL (the Italian National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work) under the principle of Vicarious Liability (Art. 2049 of the Civil Code).
The ruling establishes that the three-year limitation period begins to run from the date a judgment acquitting the employer becomes res judicata (passaggio in giudicato). Crucially, any pending separate criminal proceedings against an employee are irrelevant to this timeline. The decision reaffirms the definitive abolition of the "criminal priority rule" (pregiudiziale penale), confirming that civil liability and the classification of an act as an abstract criminal offence can be determined independently within civil proceedings.
Factual Background
In June 1999, an employee of a mechanical workshop sustained severe injuries while performing an occasional welding task on a private vessel at the request of the Workshop Manager, without the employer’s knowledge.
A criminal trial was initiated against the employer, concluding in 2008 with an acquittal (non aver commesso il fatto). Subsequently, in 2010, proceedings were opened against the Workshop Manager, which ended in 2011 due to the statute of limitations for the crime itself.
INAIL failed to bring a recourse action against the employer within three years of his 2008 acquittal. Instead, INAIL initiated proceedings only after the 2011 judgment involving the employee, arguing that under Art. 2049 c.c. (Vicarious Liability), the limitation period should only commence once the employee’s criminal position was finalised.
The Legal Issue: The Unitary Nature of Recourse
The central question was whether INAIL could "reset" the limitation clock against an employer by invoking his secondary liability for the illicit acts of a subordinate, even after the primary limitation period regarding the employer’s own conduct had expired.
The Court of Appeal of Reggio Calabria, subsequently upheld by the Supreme Court, ruled that:
"The right of recourse against an employer remains single and unitary. If the action is time-barred (prescritta), there remains no possibility to assert it by shifting the legal basis to another form of civil liability (such as vicarious liability)."
The Decision: Abolition of the "Criminal Priority"
The Supreme Court dismissed INAIL's appeal, clarifying that the three-year term began on 31 October 2008 (the date the employer's acquittal became final). The Court reasoned that:
- Independent Civil Assessment: Civil courts are fully competent to assess whether an event constitutes a "criminal act" for the purposes of a recourse action, regardless of the outcome or existence of a criminal trial.
- End of the Criminal Prejudicially: Following constitutional rulings and reforms to the Codes of Procedure, the recourse action is linked only to the abstract legal definition of the act as a crime, not to a concrete criminal conviction.
- Irrelevance of Employee Proceedings: INAIL could have asserted the employer's vicarious liability (Art. 2049 c.c.) within the civil trial immediately following the employer's acquittal, without waiting for the separate proceedings against the Workshop Manager to conclude.
Practical Implications
This ruling provides a vital shield for employers and their insurers, ensuring that they are not left in a state of "perpetual litigation" while separate proceedings against various staff members unfold. For legal practitioners, it serves as a stern reminder that limitation periods for recourse actions are strict and unitary; once the clock starts following a final judgment involving the employer, it cannot be restarted by citing the conduct of other subordinates.
